The x86 protection model is notoriously complex, with four privilege rings, segmentation, paging, call gates, task switches, and virtual 8086 mode. What's interesting from a hardware perspective is how the 386 manages this complexity on a 275,000-transistor budget. The 386 employs a variety of techniques to implement protection: a dedicated PLA for protection checking, a hardware state machine for page table walks, segment and paging caches, and microcode for everything else.
Each layer catches different attack classes. A namespace escape inside gVisor reaches the Sentry, not the host kernel. A seccomp bypass hits the Sentry’s syscall implementation, which is itself sandboxed. Privilege escalation is blocked by dropping privileges. Persistent state leakage between jobs is prevented by ephemeral tmpfs with atomic unmount cleanup.
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Publication date: 10 March 2026
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